Second, mainly because some socio-economic and clinical info had not been designed for evaluation, further study is required to confirm our results and identify additional potential confounding elements

Second, mainly because some socio-economic and clinical info had not been designed for evaluation, further study is required to confirm our results and identify additional potential confounding elements. NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS5 and NS4B [1]. ZIKV is transmitted to human beings through infected mosquito bites mainly. Since its finding in 1947 in Uganda, ZIKV disease was not regarded as a general public health concern before outbreaks in the Pacific area between 2007 and 2013 [2,3,4]. Certainly, an acute disease is asymptomatic or displays gentle and self-limiting symptoms usually. When present (significantly less than 20%), medical indications include a nonspecific febrile syndrome having a maculopapular rash, arthralgia, or conjunctivitis [3,5]. In 2007, the 1st ZIKV outbreak outside Africa and Asia happened in Yap Isle (Federated Areas of Micronesia) [3,5]. It had been adopted in 2013 with an outbreak in French Polynesia, that was in charge of serious neurological problems in malformation and adults in neonates [2,6,7]. The pathogen spread to South and Central Americas in 2015 [8] consequently, in Brazil especially, where ZIKV disease was connected with neurological complications, including microcephaly in newborns or GuillainCBarr syndrome (GBS) in adults [2,9,10]. As a result of this considerable Pyridoxamine 2HCl spread of ZIKV and its connected neurological complications, the World Health Corporation designated ZIKV a General public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016 [11]. Initial serologic checks performed on stored samples suggest that ZIKV offers circulated in Thailand since 1954 [12]. In 2013, the Ministry of General public Health of Thailand (Thai-MOPH) rapidly implemented in the local healthcare centers a system to statement ZIKV infections following a report of a symptomatic ZIKV illness in a tourist upon returning to Canada after visiting Thailand Pyridoxamine 2HCl in May 2013 [13] and the suspicion of a ZIKV outbreak in several areas. Shortly after, the Thai-MOPH carried out ZIKV investigations throughout the country. A retrospective analysis of neutralization antibody in stored plasma samples collected in 2012 from two individuals with exanthematous fever recognized that they had been infected with ZIKV [14]. However, no outbreaks and no severe complications have ever been reported. We present herein the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) against ZIKV among young adults in Thailand over several time periods between 1997 and 2017 and factors associated with positive ZIKV IgG. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Population This is a retrospective laboratory study of ZIKV IgG among subjects enrolled between 1997 and 2017 in large clinical studies carried out in Thailand on the prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV [15,16,17,18,19] or hepatitis B disease (HBV) [20] or in an HIV screening research system [21] (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT00386230″,”term_id”:”NCT00386230″NCT00386230, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT00398684″,”term_id”:”NCT00398684″NCT00398684, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT00142337″,”term_id”:”NCT00142337″NCT00142337, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT00409591″,”term_id”:”NCT00409591″NCT00409591, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT01511237″,”term_id”:”NCT01511237″NCT01511237, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT01745822″,”term_id”:”NCT01745822″NCT01745822, “type”:”clinical-trial”,”attrs”:”text”:”NCT02752152″,”term_id”:”NCT02752152″NCT02752152, respectively). Since cumulative exposure to mosquitoes raises over an individuals lifetime, the risk of being ZIKV-IgG-positive may increase with age. For this reason, only subjects aged 18C25 years were included in this study. For this study, we used socio-demographic and medical data, laboratory results, and stored blood samples that were collected during the course of those studies. Of the 8347 subjects enrolled between December 1997 and December 2017 across the seven studies and having a stored sample, 3675 met the age range criterion. Only 97 women enrolled in the perinatal HIV prevention studies conducted during the period 2004C2007. These 97 pregnant women were not included in this Zika study since their quantity was too low to allow for an appropriate random age-based selection. We, therefore, considered five time periods, based on the years in which those studies were carried out: Pyridoxamine 2HCl 1997C2000 (742 subjects), 2001C2003 (833 subjects), 2008C2011 (158 subjects), 2012C2014 (238 subjects) and 2015C2017 (1704 subjects). We used a proportionate sampling T approach to obtain the target number of subjects for each period, i.e., 400, 250, 150, 150, and 400, respectively (Number 1). To homogenize the study human population, the subjects at each time period were.